Part IV: Pick Your
Poison – Earthquakes, Train Bombs, Leaking Pipelines
U.S. Geological
Survey (USGS) has linked earthquake activity in Arkansas, Ohio, Texas,
Colorado, and Oklahoma, to fracking activity. Oklahoma has seen a 50% increase
in earthquake activity since last year. Since 2009, when the fracking boom
began, earthquake activity has been 40 times higher than in the previous 30
years. Most of which are only 2.5 on the Richter scale, but in 2011, one
earthquake in Prague, Oklahoma reached 5.7 on the Richter scale and destroyed
14 homes. The cause is related not to the fracking process itself, but to the
disposal of the waste water into deep injection wells.
Basically, to
understand how the fracking-related activity causes an earthquake, think of an
air hockey table. When the table is turned off and the compressed air is not
flowing through the table, you have your puck sitting motionless on the table.
If you turned the table diagonally slowly, the puck still stays motionless in
place as it is held by static friction. The surface of the puck and table
appear relatively smooth to the naked eye, but if you looked at the surfaces
with a microscope you would see a surface with all kinds of cracks, nooks, and
crannies, so the surfaces of the puck and table interlock. In physics this
specific contact force is referred to as a static friction force. Turn the air
hockey table on the puck flies off as the cushion of air acts like a lubricant.
A fault line is basically when you have two huge pieces of the Earth’s crust
separated by a fracture but pressing against each other, and they are held in
place by static friction force. Well, you force the waste water into that fault
line and it is just like turning the air hockey table on; the fault slips, and
this leads to a seismic event. Outside of recycling the same water for another
fracking, the industry can’t clean the water to the point where it can be
released back onto the surface. There has been occasional dumping of fracked
waste water on the surface, all of which are illegal.
Senator James
Inhofe, who consistently fights against any regulation on the oil industry and
denies global warming even exists, insists that it would be wrong and arrogant
for man to claim he can do any significant damage to the Earth because Genesis
8:22 of the Bible insists that is not within man’s ability to do so.
Unfortunately, evidence proves otherwise. For instance, Youngstown, Ohio
experienced nearly 12 earthquakes in a row, and the epicenter seemed to be the
North Star 1 deep injection well. Unfortunately, man has proven that he is
quite effective at damaging the world. Although some politicians seem to fall
back on them, religious arguments made in the name of maintaining the status
quo among ongoing environmental crisis do far more harm than good.
The fracking boom
has also put stress on an inadequate infrastructure in terms of transporting
the resulting crude. The volume of crude oil shipped by rail in the United
State increased from 9,500 carloads per year in 2008 to 400,000 per year
carloads in 2013. Much of the oil is from the Bakken region in North Dakota,
and the oil produced from fracked wells is far more flammable. Just this past
Wednesday, April 30, 2014, we saw a fiery train derailment in Lynchburg,
Virginia. About 15 train tanker cars derailed and exploded, many of which
plunged into the James River, and continued burning thick plumes of black acrid
smoke for hours. James River is an important source of drinking water for
Richmond, VA, and as a result, intakes from the river had to be shuttered due
to the oil leaking into the river. In January, another spectacular series of
fireball explosions were witnessed as 17 tanker cars were derailed in Plaster
Rock, New Brunswick of Canada. This last December, there was a train derailment
which spilled 400,000 gallons of crude oil onto the prairie outside of Fargo,
North Dakota which led to a fiery explosion. Last November, 2013, a train
derailment shipping fracked oil led to fires that lasted nearly a week in
Alabama. In the summer of 2013 a runaway train transporting 72 tankers of
Bakken crude careened into the Quebec town of Lac-Mégantic, killing 47 people
and incinerating the downtown. Quite literally, over half of Lac-Megantic is
utterly destroyed as a million and a half gallons spilled into the town. There
is a reason that rail workers now nickname these tanker trains as ‘bomb
trains.’
As a side note,
transporting the fracked oil by truck is even more hazardous with 20 incidents
per billion-ton miles versus 2 incidents per billion ton miles by train.
These accidents have
also fed into an argument that perhaps pipelines are so much better as there
have been 0.6 incidents per billion-ton miles. However, the number of highly
damaging pipeline spills just continues to pile-up as well. Just this past
March, the Sunoco run Mid-Valley Pipeline had a 5-inch crack that led to
spilling 20,000 gallons of crude oil into the Glen Oak Nature Preserve, just 20
miles north of Cincinnati, Ohio. That was the 40th such incident along this 1000
mile pipeline that runs from Texas to Michigan since 2006. Regarding pipeline
incidents as a whole, since 1986 there have been nearly 8,000 significant
pipeline incidents, resulting in more than 500 deaths, more than 2,300
injuries, and nearly $7 billion in damage. More than half the incidents
occurred in three states: Texas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana. Though actually last
year, in North Dakota, 20,600 barrels of oil spilled in a wheat field in what
is considered to be the worse onshore oil spill disaster in the history of the
country. The pipeline was managed by Tesoro Logistics and was carrying fracked
oil from the Bakken shale formation. Also last year, an ExxonMobil pipeline
spill that was very notable occurred in the residential area of Mayflower, Arkansas.
What makes it so noteworthy is the people there had no idea they were living
near the pipeline till the leak and spill occurred. It is still not known how
much oil was spilled but estimates suggest 5,000 barrels at least and it has
adversely impacted the health of the residents who experienced symptoms of
nausea, shortness of breath, burning in the back of the throat, and so forth.
A tar sands oil
pipeline spill occurred in Battle Creek, Michigan back in 2010 which is a much
heavier bitumen oil that sinks in water. The oil company, Enbridge, insisted it
should be able to effectively clean the area of oil within one month. Well, it
is now well into the year 2014, they are still cleaning the area, residents are
very angry and continually sick, with the same type of symptoms mentioned in
the Mayflower incident. This should be quite the red flag as to why the
Keystone XL pipeline should not be completed, as America has already
experienced one very bad tar sands pipeline related spill.
Oil pipeline Kinder
Morgan just this past May 5, put out a comprehensive report to settle the
matter of what is the best way to transport oil. Their argument was, ‘yes,
there are lots of pipeline spills, but spills create jobs and thus are great
for economic growth.’ Basically, as quoted directly from their report:
“Spill response and
cleanup creates business and employment opportunities for affected communities,
regions, and cleanup service providers.”
Sometimes reality
becomes a satire of itself.
The fracking boom
has also led the industry to throw workplace safety standards right out the
window. From 2008 to 2012, the number of oilfield related deaths totaled 545,
with 216 occurring in the state of Texas, a 7.2% increase for that state from
the prior five year period. Among the other states recording increased
fatalities during the boom, North Dakota reported a more than 340 percent
increase to 31 fatalities and Pennsylvania saw a 300 percent increase to 20
deaths. Oklahoma saw 68 deaths, up 24 percent.
So, looking overall
at the fracking boom and seeing how it is impacting our society. We have to ask
ourselves, why are we doing this?
From the viewpoint
of dealing with climate change, the notion that fracking provides cheap natural
gas and is a good bridge to a move toward renewable energy sources is pushed.
Yes, natural gas is cleaner and it has half the carbon content of crude oil,
but it’s still putting carbon into the atmosphere. So, wouldn’t we be better
off leapfrogging into renewable energy sources? Next, the industry is primarily
targeting oil. If there is no convenient pipeline or simple way to transport
the natural gas from the fracking well that has struck oil, the natural gas is
burned up in a flare stack at the site anyway.
Another big argument
has been ‘American energy independence for the next 100 years.’ There is
actually quite a raging debate among geophysicist on this matter. Evidence
seems to indicate that unlike conventional wells, fracked wells decline in
productivity by 70% in one year. It also appears that some of the best fracked
sites have already been hit, so with such a law of diminishing returns
overhanging this method of oil production, the notion of America becoming the
‘next Saudi Arabia’ of oil seems very unrealistic.
The actions of
corporations and government for short term profits and savings always place a
heavier burden on society. For example, your cable company cuts down the size
of its phone rooms and replace their service department with a lengthy
automated menu. Their savings is a cost on your valuable time as your trapped
on the phone desperately trying to reach a live person. The state government
saves money by cutting down on road repair leaving streets ridden with
potholes. The cost is passed onto the people as this ultimately leads to higher
car repair bills as auto suspension systems are damaged. In both situations,
the decisions may result in economic growth on a business or municipal balance
sheet, but result in cost to the people.
The short term
profits gained by the oil and gas sector are ultimately placing a very heavy
cost on society in terms of shrinking and polluting the water supply, lowering
the air quality, creating earthquakes, leading to dangerous oil spills in
transit, and increasing worker deaths. We need to question if this is worth the
cost to our society. What leads to a higher gross domestic product (GDP) for
the nation, is shrinking wealth for the people, as the public pays for the
consequences.
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